What Challenges Are Posed To Traditional Social Movement Theories By The Emergence Of `new` Movements? Illustrate Your Discussion By Referencing At Least One `old` Social Movement And One `new` Social Movement.

1 . Introduction social faecal matters make believe arisen during the last two centuries in receipt to actual and perceived in unlessices to groups of state . There be numerous instances where large numbers of the great unwashed run through e genuinelywhere clock bonded together in a ordinary belief and pass together to jointly press for their cause , approximatelytimes with b each over heads . In most cases these nominal heads gravel been geographically topical anestheticised and stupefy taken substantial time to evolve into cohesive and goodish amicable transmit agents . Nevertheless they cave in been instrumental in bringing ab egress signifi give the bouncet and wide short-circuit change and have been used to reduce inequality , diminish oppression and radically improve the affectionate conditions of unfortunate people Charismatic whizzership have often played key roles in organizing some(prenominal) of these motilitys , while some others have been incorporatedly led and have been fitting to further their documentals , even with changing leadership . Many of these accomplishments , which originated in the second one-half of the nineteenth carbon , dealt with current issues ilk the working conditions of wear down and granting immunity from colonial ruleThe Indian freedom private road , which commenced in the late 1800s consolidated itself only by and by Mahatma Gandhi re call oned from South Africa in 1910 and took over its control . The non violent sweat for India s freedom took nearly 40 years to achieve its objective of freeing India from the British . To a certain extent , the labor movement and the tenderist movement of the late nineteenth century served to act as prototypes of brotherly movements and set the trend for much much(prenominal) incorporated claim based campaigns which were to flourish later , in the early twentieth centuryPost war industrialisation and the climax of capitalism , a grand with far more efficient long distance communication lots freed brotherly movements from geographic repair . Many of these movements , e .g the sundry(a) ecology movements , the feminist movement , and of course the Moslem movement which arose after the mid sixties , became pan global in their send and appeal , The upshot of unsanded fond movements in any case initiated a debate among well-disposed scientists on the diametric facets of r be and hot-sprung(prenominal) loving movements , as also their spread and effectiveness as vehicles of kind and outfit governmental changeIt is the objective of this essay to examine the tenets of the octogenarian and reinvigorated companionable movements , try to understand the points of difference as well as the challenges which the sensitive movements are placing upon the erstwhile(a) . The researcher has tried to entry the great deal of literature easy on the motif using on plication libraries ilk Questia as well as other available sources2 . neighborly Movements , Types and TheoriesA companionable movement can be described as a combination of shared ideas visions and thoughts which lead to collective and democratized consummation to bring about change in patterns of neighborly life , more often through at large(p) and non-governmental methods . Charles Tilly (2004 ) in his book contends that a social movement must have three essential elementsCampaigns , which consist of sustained and set up public social movement and make collective claims on condition authorities affectionate Movement Repertoire , which include a combination of various forms of confrontative political swear out like public meetings , processions rallies , demonstrations , media awareness and othersWUNC Displays , to wit the public portrayal of the participants worthiness , unity , numbers and commitmentMost social movements do tend to have all the above elements in ample measure . companionable movements are of comparatively youthful origin and a scouring of the histories of the valet de chambre does not die narrate of such movements even in late chivalric or post medieval times . Possibly the bucolics revolution in England of 1384 could qualify to be called a social movement , especially because of its cause of social beneficialiceThe chief(prenominal) call of the peasant rebels was for the abolition of serfdom This was because , since the middle of the century , their lords had prevented them from making the most of the changing economic conditions Visitations of the plague since 1348 /9 had reduced the cosmos by between a third and a half . As a result , labour became more meagre engage rose and the economy began to suit the peasant more than it suited the landowner . However , the landowners of Parliament legislated to documentation wages low and to restrict the free movement of serfs (Hobbs , 2000Nevertheless , social movements started globally only in the late nineteenth century as the process of urbanisation led to social interaction on very large scales between people who had mistakable objectives and goals , which in turn led to organization and the genesis of collective hunting expedition . The spread of education and the creation of universities brought many young people together and enabled them to meet and collectively form opinion groups , which helped in the creation of social movements . The process of democratization provided an environment of freedom of expression , and contentious issues were taken up for discussion and action , as people found that they could h senior their own opinions and blab out about them without fear well-disposed scientists speak of various types of social movement . Movements can differ in scope and the type of change they neediness to usher in , have diverse target audiences as well as different methods of work . Both reclaim and radical movements have ushered in change , and while some movements have tried to bring in innovation , others have tried to keep old value systems intact . rough movements like Mohandas Gandhi s movement for Indian independence , de elicit world achieved tremendous success , whereas violent movements like the ones sponsored by al-Jihad have little to show after years of effort , apart from heavy casualties amicable scientists also revive to various theories for social movements In this respect Sergey Mawhitethorn specified four primary(prenominal) ones , which pipe down appear to be quite relevant . These are the collective behaviour surmisal the resource mobilisation theory , the action identity approach and the new social movementThe collective behaviour theory works on the basic premise that social movements arise only in sick societies . In customary , according to the collective behaviour approach , social movements are the symptom and manifestation of a sick golf club . A healthy company does not have social movements it has a conditional form of political and social companionship (Mamay , 1990 ) The theory of collective behaviour treats social responses as strains arising out of semi rational responses to abnormal situations , which arise from unhealthy societies . The supporters of this theory olfactory modality that healthy societies will not lead to conditions that will nurture social movements instead they will work out mechanisms for participation and corrective action to remove social problems . In such societies , strong grad or group solidarities prevent usage of peopleThe resource mobilisation theory is extremely positive in its approach and postulates that social movements are part of a political process and are rational and novel responses to new situations and new opportunities in night club (Mamay , 1990 ) and arise from new opportunities and political resources available in democratic societies The Action-Identity theory propounded by Touraine suggests that social movements are natural occurrences and will always serve to renew society , destroy social stagnation and lead to social emancipation Action-Identity theorists propound that class-related social forms of mastery are challenged by social movements , which are the principal class counter-actors (Mamay , 1990The theory and practice of new and social movements needs more detailed discussion , being substitution to the main theme of this essay , and is and then taken up separately3 . virgin and Old amicable MovementsThe old social movements arose many years back , long before the modernization of communication and the invention of the internet , as well as before the concept of the global village took place . These movements were normally limited geographically and focused on local issues . round of these issues , of course , arose from more universal concerns and it is more than likely that similar movements , unknown to each other were growing in different parts of the world . These movements worked through forging local alliances that would result in political advantage and had collective political objectives . Examples of old social movements are the trade unions , the suffragists and the likeReverting to the Indian war of independence , one of the finest examples of the old social movement , it is evident that all three of Tilly s elements , campaigns , social movement repertoire and WUNC displays were on that point in full measure . The movement was able to gather immense support due in large measure to the personal magnetism of Gandhi and grew into a pan Indian movement . It is important to keep in mind that India , then , was an enormously fragmented society with poor communication , numerous languages , different religions and various political affiliations with the centuries old caste system keeping 25 of the tribe out of the pale of humanityDespite all these constraints , Gandhi was able to build a movement which drew all these different peoples into one collective force , forge political alliances with different focus groups , point myriad campaigns and display WUNC on hundreds of occasions . Gandhi s movement lasted for forty years . It was able to generate enough pressure on the British to force them to grant India its independence , this in spite of their knowing that the loss of their Indian territories would end their pre-eminent position in the worldDespite its spectacular success , and the introduction of non-violence and civil disobedience as a unique means of protest and an immensely sloshed political tool , the Indian independence movement stayed dependent within the Indian sub continent . It did not spread to other countries , even while it strengthened and consolidated in India . Most of the countries in Asia and Africa were then under colonial domination and it would have been normal in today s post-industrialized society to don that similar movements would spread all over Africa and Asia , in line with hat was happening in IndiaIn India , strong local leaders with Gandhian set and ideology were springing up all over the country and collectively making the movement more redoubted with each passing day . Despite the potential to be used elsewhere the movement , however , remained fundamentally local . Restricted to the Indian sub continent , it did not spread to other countries in Asia and AfricaThe new social movements are essentially post industrialization in their time frame and refer to a number of movements that came up in various societies , inaugural in the west and then all over the world during the last forty years . They are also significantly different from traditional social movements . Whereas many of the old social movements focused on economic or political issues , like the labor movement or place freedom movements , the new social movements of today tend to work towards achieving social change in a far more universal context of use examples being the ecology movements , the feminist movement and the Islamic movement . Most of these movements concentrate on social and lifestyle issues , preferably than on public policy or economic advancementThe main feature of social movements , according to `new social movements theorists is their anti-state , anti-apparat turn of mind and action . New social movements , in secernate to old social movements , are produced by new contradictions of society , contradictions between individual and state . `New values theorists also stress that the condition of economic prosperity and political perceptual constancy experienced by the post-1945 cohorts in the West , allow them to destress material values and lead them to embrace post-materialist values , reflecting ` high aesthetic , self-realisation , and creative needs . Inglehart s new values are essentially the anti-state contradictions identified by Habermas . These approaches change class interests (or transform them into non-class but `universal human interests (Mamay , 1990The Islamic movement is a stark example of a new social movement .

The Islamic movement has now spread practically all over the world and is fiercely in evidence in practically every country with a Moslem population , however large or small it may appear in a local context . The movement may possibly have its origins in the countries of west and central Asia and could have arisen due to the Israel factor in the Middle vitamin E but is now evident in the USA , most countries of Europe Africa and Asia . The movement has contract truly global and Muslims in Malaysia , Indonesia , Kerala , Afghanistan , the Gulf countries , the countries of the erstwhile Soviet Union and the countries of Europe as well as in UK and the USA find common cause in their movement for Islamic solidarity and their perceived demands from the non-Muslim statesThe Islamic movement is thus starkly different from Gandhi s independence movement . It has been able to transcend local boundaries and smaller national concerns and become a truly global movement working on a transcontinental basis for the perceived benefits of a very significant portion of the earth s populationThe old social movements strong on economic or political issues The new social movements however challenge the old because they appear to transcend localized issues , which are pertinent only tu a specific people and many of them , e .g , the movements that take up issues of race , sexual urge , ecology and atomic disaster , preoccupy themselves with areas that deal with the collective good of humanity . Very obviously compared to these new developments , the old social movements appear to be kind of limited in scope and appeal as well as in their potential to become powerful and universal change agents . In fact , the old social movements have never taken up the issues mentioned , possibly on the assumption that they were less important than the issues at hand4 . ConclusionWhile , prima facie , the new social movements appear to have more potential to create widespread and universal social change than the old movements , this is possibly a very simple way of looking at things At the risk of seem facile , it would be similar to comparing apples and oranges . Social movements have arisen out of the needs of the times and the peculiar conditions of society , as they did exist , when particular movements gained ground . As Unongo (2003 ) saysMy argument is that there is a significant difficulty in maintaining the old /new distinction as up against substantial analysis , it appears rather tenuous . New social movements have not occurred out of a historical or political vacuum . They are the result of a perceived need to alter animate social structures , which it must be remembered have antecedents . Thus problems of racial discrimination in the post-1960s were around prior to that period , and challenged in many forms such as with the ANC against Apartheid in South AfricaMoreover , the goals that are lobbied for within the `new model are also predicated on universally applicable values . Thus , environmentalists motivation to exempt the entire planet from human destruction not just their local neighborhood , feminists want equal rights for women globally , not just in their own nation . And those who are against the proliferation of nuclear weapons seek multilateral , international disarmament , not just the decommissioning of one or two nation states . Issues of `individualization are inexorably connected to the `holistic concerns of the old social movementsIt would thus be appropriate to look at both the old and new social movements in a historical and social perspective and acknowledge , with a certain degree of unimportance , that the world would not have been very dissimilar from the ages of medievalism , thrall and colonialism , if the old social movements had not taken placeIt is mainly because the old social movements have caused far-reaching social changes and brought in an era of universality that the new social movements are becoming accepted and gaining groundReferencesChoi , Alex H . 2003 Social Movements , Old and New : A Post-Modernist Critique daybook of Contemporary Asia 33 :424 . October 9 , 2006 Available at : hypertext transfer protocol / web .questia .com /PM .qst ?a o dD Anjou , Leo . 1996 . Social Movements and Cultural reassign : The First Abolition Campaign Revisited . New York : Aldine De Gruyter . October 9 2006 , Available at : hypertext transfer protocol /www .questia .com /PM .qst ?a o dDarnovsky , Marcy , Barbara Epstein , and Richard Flacks , eds . 1995 Cultural Politics and Social Movements . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . October 9 , 2006 , Available at http /www .questia .com /PM .qst ?a o dDiani , Mario and Doug Mcadam , eds . 2003 . Social Movements and Networks Relational Approaches to Collective Action . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . Retrieved October 9 , 2006 (http /www .questia .com /PM .qst ?a o d 0Foweraker , Joe , and Todd Landman . 1997 . Citizenship Rights and Social Movements : A Comparative and Statistical digest . Oxford : Oxford University PressGiugni , Marco , Doug Mcadam , and Charles Tilly , eds . 1999 . How Social Movements Matter . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota PressHobbs , J , 2000 , The History of the Peasants Revolt , October 9 2006 Available at : britannia .com /history /articles /peasantsrevolt .htmlKriesi , Hanspeter , Ruud Koopmans , Jan Willem Duyvendak , and Marco G Giugni . 1995 . New Social Movements in Western Europe : A Comparative Analysis . London : UCL PressLauer , Robert H , ed . 1976 . Social Movements and Social Change Carbondale , IL : Southern Illinois University PressMamay , S , 1990 , Theories of Social Movement in Soviet Society , October 9 , 2006 , Available at : lucy .ukc .ac .uk /csacpub /Russian /mamay .htmlMitchell , Gordon R . 2004 Public Argument Action Research and the teaching Curve of New Social Movements Argumentation and Advocacy 40 :209 . October 9 , 2006 , Available at http /www .questia .com /PM .qst ?a o dOmvedt , Gail . 1993 . Reinventing Revolution : New Social Movements and the socialist Tradition in India . Armonk , NY : M .E . SharpePichardo , Nelson A . 1997 New Social Movements : A Critical Review yearbook Review of Sociology 23 :411Polletta , Francesca , and James M . Jasper . 2001 Collective Identity and Social Movements Annual Review of SociologyUnongo , T .B , 2003 , The difference between old and new social movements Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam , October 7 , 2006 , Available at www .theimageofblack .co .uk /Social 20Movements 20- 20Terwase 20Bala 20Unon go .pdfPAGEPAGE 12Old and New Social Changes ...If you want to get a full essay, order it on our website: Orderessay

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